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Lakshmi Kanta Kanthal ¹, B. V. V. S. Surya Kiran ¹, K. Satyavathi ¹, P. Bhoja Raju ¹, Subhas Sahoo ²

Affiliations
1 Koringa College of Pharmacy, Korangi, Tallarevu [M], E. G. Dist. - 533 461, A.P, IN
2 Pulla Reddy Institute of Pharmacy, Annaram, Jinnaram (M), Medak Dist., A.P., IN

Abstract

Herbal medicine is having very old history. Plants are the typical manufacturers of complex drug molecules, which serve as a prototype to develop more effective and less toxic medicines. The antimicrobial activities of medicinal plants can be attributed to the secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids that are present in these plants. Helminthes infections are becoming a cause to disorders like eosinophilia, pneumonia, anaemia, and under nourishment. Anti-helmethic drugs will expel these worms by paralyzing or by killing the worms. In traditional system of medicine a large number of plants are claimed to have anthelmintic activity. Chemical study started from 1960's and showed that constituents of E. scaber L. include flavonoids, triterpenoids, flavonoid esters and sesquiterpene lactones. Elephantopus scaber L. belongs to the family Asteraceae. The present study was carried out to screen the antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities of Elephantopus scaber L. The activities of extracts of the plant material are compared with the piperazine citrate. The n-hexane, chloroform and methanolic extracts shows concentration dependent and significant anthelmintic activity compared to the piperazine citrate and Albendazole and Amoxicillin and Fluconazole for the case of antimicrobial activity. Thus the anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities of Elephantopus scaber L. are demonstrated for the first time.

Keywords

Elephantopus scaber L, Antimicrobial Activities, Antihelmethic Drugs, Pheritima posthuma

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Lakshmi Kanta Kanthal ¹, B. V. V. S. Surya Kiran ¹, K. Satyavathi ¹, P. Bhojaraju ¹

Affiliations
1 Koringa College of Pharmacy, Korangi-533 461, E.G. Dt., Andhra Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Supernumerary teeth (Hyperdontia) are a rare alteration in the development of the maxillas, which can appear in any part of the maxillas and can affect any tooth. They can be associated with a syndrome or they can be found in nonsyndromic patients. Hypodontia is defined as developmental absence of one or more teeth. Only children with supernumerary teeth were included in the study while patients having supernumerary teeth with associated syndromes were excluded. Supernumeraries were detected by clinical and radiographic examination. The results indicated that males were affected more than females with a sex ratio of 2.9: 1. Single supernumerary tooth was seen in 79% of the patients, 20% had double, and 1% had three or more supernumeraries. Premaxillary supernumeraries accounted for 93.8% of the cases. Conical shaped supernumerary teeth were the most common type (59.7%). Majority of supernumeraries remained unerupted (65%). Fusion of supernumerary tooth with a regular tooth was observed in 4% of the patients. Talon cusp, an associated dental anomaly, was seen in 5% of the cases. Simultaneous hypodontia occurred in 2.3% of patients with supernumeraries. Although supernumerary teeth are asymptomatic in most cases, they may lead to malocclusions, aesthetic, functional and psychological problems. This investigation was to study children with supernumerary teeth who visited the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Shankar Multispecialty Dental Hospital, Kakinada, East Godavari Dist., Andhra Pradesh.

Keywords

Supernumerary Teeth, Maxilla, Clinical and Radiographic Examination, Single, Double and Triple Supernumerary Tooth.

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